The history of Russia is rich in various events,which bright kaleidoscope reflected in the numerous annals of eyewitnesses and their descendants. A turning point and one of the most important moments was the year 1237. The event in Russia, which is famous for this period of time, was epoch-making not only for the life of its population, but also for the general course of history.
1237 marked the beginning of the conquest of RussiaMongol-Tatars. The first decade of the XIII century was marked by the creation of the Golden Horde - a single state, which included once scattered and living their nomadic tribes of the Mongolian steppes. Some of them wore the ethnic name "Tatars". For the inhabitants of Rus it denoted any ethnic groups, of which the population of the Golden Horde consisted.
The Great Khan and the ruler of the state proclaimed the Mongolian commander Temuchin (in 1206), who received the title of Genghis Khan.
Having zealously got down to business, he managed to create a hugeThe army, with which he began to wage wars of conquest, encroaching on the freedom of neighboring territories and states. Russia was no exception. The 13th century became "black" for her.
The military campaigns of Genghis Khan's army wereconsequence of the search for nomadic tribes pastoralists of new pastures. Before the Mongol-Tatars reached Rus, they captured territories in Central Asia. In addition to quantity, the army of the newly created state used in its tactics the reception of psychological intimidation of the enemy: the inhabitants of the conquered states were mercilessly destroyed by the soldiers of Genghis Khan and his assistants.
The first major clash between the Russians and the army of Genghis Khan occurred in 1223 on the Kalka River.
Feudal fragmentation, internecine strugglebetween the princes and the absence of a man who could unite and competently lead the population of the country, led to the fact that the battle was lost. Terrible times came to Russia. The 13th century is inscribed with bloody ink in the history of this state.
The Mongol-Tatars did not stop there andcontinued to move to Europe. The army was led by the talented commander and grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu. What was the year 1237 marked? The event in Russia, which continued the succession of failures and defeats of the Russians, was the impetus for further campaigns of the invaders' troops.
The winter of this year began with the entry of the GoldenHordes on the territory of the Ryazan principality. Annals indicate that the siege of the city was conducted for 5 or 6 days. Residents tried to survive, but the difference in the number of people and the ability to fight was too great. In addition, the Ryazan people called for help from the Vladimir Grand Duke, who, however, did not come to the rescue of his neighbors. All this led to the defeat of Ryazan, and then of other cities of North-Eastern and South-Western Russia.
About the fall of Ryazan tells "The Story ofthe ruin of Ryazan by Batu, "one of the heroes of which was Evpatii Kolovrat, famous for his courage and struggle until his last breath against the invaders. After the destruction of the city, Evpatiy gathered the surviving inhabitants and chased the Mongol-Tatars. In the battle, he put many soldiers, but in the end he died, glorifying his name and the courage of the people of Ryazan.
After Ryazan, Moscow and Vladimir were captured. Having conquered part of the lands of north-eastern Russia, the Mongols returned home in order to rest and gain strength. But already in 1239 they returned with the goal of capturing southern Russia. In the same year, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov princedom fell, and in 1240 - Kiev.
These conquests for a long 240 years have established in Russia the Mongol-Tatar yoke, under the yoke of which the whole population suffered.
Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars was the reason thatRussian lands have lagged far behind in economic and cultural development from European states. Many of the crafts by which the population earned a living before the arrival of the conquerors disappeared. Bloody 1237, an event in Russia in which led to a noticeable narrowing of the scope of its foreign policy, led to a reduction in contacts of the principalities of Rus with other states. Now all external relations were focused only on the Golden Horde. In addition, the population of Russia was forced to pay tribute to the conquerors to pay off their destructive raids and ruthless murders of residents.
Terrible and devastating for the principalities of Russia and theirof the population was the period 1237-1240. The event in Russia (the conquest by the Mongol-Tatars) led to a decline in the spirit of the population, to excessive taxes and tributes, which it tried to appease the Mongol-Tatars, to establish a long-standing power of the once nomadic, and later became the most bellicose and strong people.
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