Oil is a natural oily liquid that has the property of flammability and consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and some elements of organic origin.
If we talk about color, then oil can be red-brown or black. There are also types of oil that are yellow-green in color or do not have color at all.
Oil, as a rule, has a somewhat specific smell. Its reserves are found in the sedimentary rocks of the Earth.
To date, oil is the most important mineral.
It is not necessary to say that activities related toextraction and refining of oil, has always been, is and will be profitable. The most important in such a case is the high qualification of workers, their skills, skills and knowledge necessary for the proper organization of activities.
To organize activities for oil production and refining, it is necessary to know the properties of this substance.
The study of these properties is engaged in a whole science,which is called oil and gas geology. In addition to the properties of oil, this science also studies the structure of oil and gas deposits. All this knowledge helps to design rational oil production systems, as well as to analyze the development of deposits of this mineral.
One of the important properties is the viscosity of oil. This property varies within fairly large limits. This can be 1.98 square millimeters per second or 265, 90 square millimeters per unit time.
Such indicators are characteristic for different types of oil, which are developed on the territory of our country.
The viscosity of oil depends on its fractionalcomposition, as well as temperature. One can single out such a regularity: the higher the temperature, the more fractions the oil passes, the lower its viscosity becomes.
The viscosity of oil, along with the molecular weight, density, crystallization temperature, heat capacity, electrical conductivity, flash point, is a physical property.
If we turn to the relevant literature, it becomes clear that there is a special classification of oil for viscosity.
As a rule, according to the sulfur content, the oil can be low-sulfur, sulphurous, and also sour.
If you classify this substance according to the contentfractions that boil off at a temperature of 3,500 degrees Celsius, then the oil can be divided into types such as T1, T2 and T3. Type T1 means the number of fractions, less than 45 percent. Type T2 means that there are 30 to 44 percent of the fractions, and type T3 indicates that fractions are less than 30 percent.
If we talk about the content of oils, the oil can be divided into types M1, if the oil contains from 25 percent or more, and also M2, if their oil contains less than 25 percent.
Oil quality is divided into type И1 if the viscosity index is more than 85, and type И2, if the index varies from 40 to 85.
These classifications can be combined, which will constitute the cipher of the technological classification of this product.
Often it is necessary to reduce the viscosity of oil. There are several ways for this. Among them, heating at high temperatures, an emulsion of oil in an aqueous medium using special emulsifiers are isolated.
It is also possible to act on the liquid by various types of electromagnetic radiation or to treat oil using ultrasonic vibrations, and they must be of very high intensity.
Most often, despite such diversity,use heating, while using boilers that generate heat in the process of burning coal, natural gas or directly oil, which is taken from the same oil pipeline.
It is also possible to use heat that is released during the operation of the pumps during the transfer of oil at a special station, or to directly heat the oil pipeline.
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