Paths: examples. Paths in Russian

Every day we are faced with a mass of fundsartistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even implying this. We remind our mother that she has golden hands; remember the bast shoes, whereas they have long since emerged from general use; We are afraid to get a cat in a bag and hyperbolize objects and phenomena. All these are trails, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of each person.

What is the means of artistic expressiveness?

The term "trails" comes from the Greek wordtropos, which means "speech turnover" in Russian. They are used to make the imagery of speech, with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Paths in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Trails are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.

Lexical tools of the Russian language

Every day we use words that are eitherotherwise decorate speech, make it more expressive. Bright trails, examples of which are innumerable in works of art, are no less important than lexical means.

• Antonyms - words that are opposite in meaning.
• Synonyms - similar in meaning lexical units.
• Phraseologisms - stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which can be equated to one word by semantics.
• Dialectism - words that are common only in a certain territory.
• Archaisms - obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and way of life of a person.
• Historicisms - terms that denote already disappeared objects or phenomena.

Trails in Russian (examples)

Currently, the means of artisticexpressiveness are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

• Metonymy - replacement of one word by another in contiguity. For example: On New Year's Eve the whole street came out to fireworks.
• Epithet - a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
• Synecdoche - the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: At the Faculty of International Relations, the Russian, Finnish, English, and Tatar learns.
• Avatar - Assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it was raining.
• Comparison An expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
• Metaphor - transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Trails in the literature (examples)

The presented means of artisticexpressiveness is less often used in the speech of modern man, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. So, litota and hyperbole are often used in satirical stories, and allegory is in fables. Peripheral is used to avoid repetition in fiction or speech.

• Litotes - artistic understatement. For example: We have a peasant with a nail on the factory.
• Perifraz - the replacement of a direct name by a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
• Allegory - images of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, awkwardness - are revealed in the image of a fox, a hare, a bear.
• Hyperbola - deliberate exaggeration. For example: My friend has incredibly huge ears, the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of ​​each writer is to intrigue hisreader and do not require an answer to the problem. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, and omissions in the work of art. All these are trails and figures of speech, examples of which are surely familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

The rhetorical question is put at the end of the sentence and does not require a response from the reader. He makes you think about pressing problems.

A rhetorical exclamation completes the incentive proposal. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be referred to the "trails" section.

Examples of rhetorical treatment can be found inPushkin ("To Chaadayev," "To the Sea"), Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as many other classics. It is applicable not to a specific person, but to the whole generation or the whole epoch. Using it in a work of art, a writer can accuse or, on the contrary, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives reason for the subsequent reasoning.

Syntax shapes

Similar methods are achieved by constructingProposals and include the order of words, the arrangement of punctuation marks; they contribute to an intriguing and interesting design of the proposal, so every writer seeks to use these paths. Examples are particularly noticeable when reading a work.

• Multi-Alliance - deliberate increase in the number of unions in the offer.
• Asyndeton - the lack of alliances in the enumeration of objects, actions or phenomena.
• Syntactic parallelism - comparison of the two phenomena by their parallel image.
• Ellipsis - deliberate omission of a number of words in the sentence.
• Inversion - violation of word order in the design.
• Parceling Intentional division of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Trails in the Russian language, examples of which are givenabove, you can continue indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally allocated section of means of expressiveness. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

• Anaphora - repetition of the initial segments of speech.
• Epiphora - repetition of finite segments of speech.
• Graduation - gradual and incessantly increasing ascension from one thought to another.
• Pun - use in one sentence of equally sounding words with different meanings.
• Antithesis - a sharp contrast.
• Oxymoron - a combination of opposing words.

Table of all tropes with examples

High school students, graduateshumanitarian faculties and philologists it is important to know the variety of means of artistic expressiveness and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know more in detail what are the paths, the table with examples will replace dozens of literary-critical articles.

The role of means of artistic expressiveness

Use of tropes in everyday speechexalts every person, makes him more literate and more educated. With a variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Trails and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have a unique classification, since year-by-year scientists-philologists continue to explore this area of ​​the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century, they isolated only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tens of times.